Prevalence of acute infectious hepatitis in Eastern Libyan pediatrics
Salimah S. Alabeedi, Khiryia M. Bowjalawi, Salwa M. Alfituri, Fawzia S. Khalifa, Hamza M. Alasbily, Aisha M. Alfituri
Abstract
Viral hepatitis is one of the main public health concerns around the world. Even though infection management techniques have been implemented over the last few decades, eradication or significant reduction has remained a mystery. The purpose of this study is to look into the prevalence of acute infectious hepatitis in the East of Libya and how the type of virus, age, gender, clinical manifestations, and outcome are related. This is a hospital-based retrospective study. The data on the frequency and distribution of viral hepatitis based on age, gender, seasonal, clinical, and ultrasound findings, and the outcomes during a period of two years from January 2020 to December 2021 were collected and analyzed. Of the 0.39% (72 cases) of total hospital admissions (18340) under the age of 15 years old for acute infectious hepatitis patients, the most common age group was 5-12 years (79.6%). Winter accounted for 41.6% of all the cases. Females made up 65.3% of the cases. Jaundice was the most prevalent presentation (87.5%). Hepatomegaly was seen in 83.3% of the patients. Most of the cases have mild hyperbilirubinemia (5-9 mg/dL, 75.0%). Approximately 1/5th of the patients' serum glutamic-oxaloacetic transaminase (SGPT), and nearly 1/3rd of the patients' SGPT levels were in the range of 1000-2000. One patient's hepatitis C was positive, one patient's hepatitis B was positive, and 97.2% were positive for hepatitis A. 88.8% of the individuals recovered without complications, whereas 11.1% showed symptoms of hepatic failure but recovered. The present study indicates that acute hepatitis A is more prevalent, especially in the winter. Those who are females and 5-12 years of age were more affected by acute viral hepatitis in Libya.
Keywords
References
- Franco E, Meleleo C, Serino L, Sorbara D, Zaratti L (2012) Hepatitis A: epidemiology and prevention in developing countries. World Journal of Hepatology. 4 (3): 68-73. doi: 10.4254/wjh. v4.i3.68
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (2022) Viral hepatitis surveillance - United States. Division of Viral Hepatitis, National Center for HIV, Viral Hepatitis, STD, and TB Prevention (updated August, 2023).
- Kimberlin DW, Barnett ED, Lynfield R, Sawyer MH (2021) American Academy of Pediatrics. Hepatitis A. In: Red Book: 2021-2024 Report of the Committee on Infectious Diseases, 32nd ed. American Academy of Pediatrics. ISBN electronic: 978-1-61002-578-2.
- Vento S, Garofano T, Renzini C, Cainelli F, Casali F, Ghironzi G, Ferraro T, Concia E (1998) Fulminant hepatitis associated with hepatitis A virus superinfection in patients with chronic hepatitis C. The New England Journal of Medicine. 338 (5): 286-290. doi: 10.1056/ NEJM199801293380503
- Mehta P, Reddivari AKR. Hepatitis In: StatPearls [Internet]. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing; 2022 Jan. Bookshelf ID: NBK554549. PMID: 32119436.
- Suk-Fong LA (2018) Hepatitis B treatment: what we know now and what remains to be researched. Hepatology Communications. 3 (1): 8-19. doi: 10.1002/hep4.1281
- Sievert W, Altraif I, Razavi HA, Abdo A, Ahmed EA, Alomair A, Amarapurkar D, Chen CH, Dou X, El Khayat H, Elshazly M, Esmat G, Guan R, Han KH, Koike K, Largen A, McCaughan G, Mogawer S, Monis A, Nawaz A, Piratvisuth T, Sanai FM, Sharara AI, Sibbel S, Sood A, Suh DJ, Wallace C, Young K, Negro F (2011) A systematic review of hepatitis C virus epidemiology in Asia, Australia and Egypt. Liver International. Suppl 2: 61-80. doi: 10.1111/j.1478-3231.2011.02540. x
- Khan A, Afzal S, Yaqoob A, Fatima R, UI Haq M, Junaid K, Nadir A (2019) Epidemiology of viral hepatitis B and C in Punjab, Pakistan: a multicenter cross-sectional study, 2017-18. F1000 Research. 8: 2065. doi. 10.12688/f1000 research.20174.1
- Mathers BM, Degenhardt L, Ali H, Weissing L, Hickman M, Mattick RP, Myers B, Ambekar A, Strathdee SA (2010) HIV prevention, treatment, and care services for people who inject drugs: a systematic review of global, regional, and national coverage. Lancet. 375 (9719): 1014-1028. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(10)60232-2
- Parsons G (2022) Hepatitis C: epidemiology, transmission, and presentation. Prescriber. 33 (6): 20-23. doi. 10.1002/ psb.1992.
- Sinn DH, Kang D, Hong YS, Koh KC, Guallar E, Cho J, Gwak G-Y (2021) Prior antiviral treatment and mortality among patients with hepatitis C virus-related hepatocellular carcinoma: A national cohort study. PLoS One. 16 (8): e0255624. doi. 10.1371/journal.pone.0255624
- World Health Organization (2023) Hepatitis E. 24. Geneva. Switzerland.
- Mirazo S, Ramos N, Mainardi V, Gerona S, Arbiza J (2014) Transmission, diagnosis, and management of hepatitis E: an update. Hepatic Medicine. 6: 45‐59. doi: 10.2147/HMER.S63417
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Hepatitis A questions and answers for health professionals, 2022A. Available at: https://www.cdc.gov/hepatitis/hav/havfaq.htm (Accessed on February 13, 2022).
- Das S, Deka A, Biswas T (2021) Clinical profile of acute viral hepatitis in children - in Southern Assam. Journal of Medical Science and Clinical Research. 9 (3): 111-118. doi: 10.18535/jmscr/v9i3.22
- Behera MR, Patnaik L (2016) Clinico-biochemical profile and etiology of acute viral hepatitis in hospitalized children: a study from Eastern India. Indian Journal of Child Health. 3 (4): 317-320. doi: Nil.
- Semwal P, Gandhi A, Gupta RK, Vajpayee S (2019) Proportion of hepatitis A and E among children with acute viral hepatitis with special reference to differences in their clinico-biochemical parameters: a hospital-based study. Indian Journal Child Health. 6 (11): 594-597. doi. 10.32677/IJCH.2019.v06.i11.005
- Yan BY, Lv JJ, Liu JY, Feng Y, Wu WL, Xu AQ, Zhang L (2019) Changes in seroprevalence of hepatitis A after the implementation of universal childhood vaccination in Shandong Province, China: a comparison between 2006 and 2014. International Journal of Infectious Disease. 82: 129-134. doi: 10.1016/j.ijid.2019.03.005
- Sharma CM, Gupta S, Aggarwal B, Chaudhary P (2020) Acute viral hepatitis in children: a prospective hospital-based study. International Journal Contemporary Pediatrics. 7 (8): 1681-1685. doi. 10.18203/2349-3291.ijcp 20203039
- Mahmud S, Ahmed SS, Hussain M, Afroz M, Tasneem F (2017) Recent spectrum of acute viral hepatitis in children: an experience in a tertiary center of Bangladesh. Advanced Research in Gastroenterology and Hepatology. 6 (3): 43-50. ARGH.MS. ID.555686. doi: 10.19080/ARGH.2017.06.555686
- Kumar KJ, Kumar HCK, Manjunath VG et al. (2014) Hepatitis A in children- clinical course, complications and laboratory profile. Indian Journal of Pediatrics. 81: 15-19. doi. 10.1007/s12098-013-1114-8
- Murlidharan S, Sangle A L, Engade M, et al. (2022) The clinical profile of children with hepatitis A infection: an observational hospital-based study. Cureus. 14 (8): e28290. doi: 10.7759/cureus.28290
- Yousaf S, Younas M, Murtaza M, Akhtar F, Jaffar SR, Ijaz A (2020) Pattern of liver function test in spectrum of acute viral hepatitis. Life and Science. 1 (1): 29-33. doi: 10.37185/LnS.1.1.38
- Barde PV, Chouksey VK, Shivlata L, Sahara LK, Thakur AK (2019) Viral hepatitis among acute hepatitis patients attending tertiary care hospital in central India. Virus Disease. 30 (3): 367-372. doi: 10.1007/s13337-019-00541-6
- Rana G, Lone OY (2021) An investigation profile in pediatric patients suspected of acute hepatitis A. Journal Pure and Applied Microbiology. 15 (4): 2098-2103. doi: 10.22207/JPAM.15.4.32
- Novoa J, Caillou E (1998) Hepatitis A in a pediatric population from a northwestern Argentina. Acta Gastro-enterologica Latinoamericana. 28 (2): 213-218. PMID: 9713659.
- Villar LM, De Paula VS, Gaspar AM (2002) Seasonal variation of hepatitis A virus infection in the city of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. Revista do Instituto de Medicina Tropical de São Paulo. 44: 289-292. doi: 10.1590/s0036-46652002000500011
- Biziagos E, Passagot J, Crance JM, Deloince R (1988) Long-term survival of hepatitis A virus and poliovirus type 1 in mineral water. Applied and Environmental Microbiology. 54 (11): 2705-2710. doi: 10.1128/aem.54.11.2705-2710.1988
- Sattar SA, Jason T, Bidawid S, Farber J (2000) Foodborne spread of hepatitis A: recent studies on virus survival, transfer, and inactivation. The Canadian Journal of Infectious Disease. 11: (3) 159-163. doi: 10.1155/2000/805156
- Leoni E, Bevini C, Degli Esposti S, Graziano A (1998) An outbreak of intrafamilial hepatitis A associated with clam consumption: Epidemic transmission to a school community. European Journal of Epidemiology. 14 (2): 187-192. doi: 10.1023/a:1007441106534
- Girish N, Sunil B, Devaranavadagi RA (2018) A clinical study of viral hepatitis in children: a prospective hospital-based study. International Journal of Contemporary Pediatrics. 5 (2): 563-568. doi. 10.18203/2349-3291.Ijcp 20180555
- Marsh K, Tayler R, Pollock L, Roy K, Lakha F, Ho A, et al. (2022) Investigation into cases of hepatitis of unknown etiology among young children, Scotland, 1 January 2022 to 12 April 2022. Eurosurveillance. 27: 2200318. doi: 10.2807/1560-7917.ES.2022.27.15.2200318
- Yan BY, Lv JJ, Liu JY, Feng Y, Wu WL, Xu AQ, Zhang L (2019) Changes in seroprevalence of hepatitis A after the implementation of universal childhood vaccination in Shandong Province, China: a comparison between 2006 and 2014. International Journal of Infect Disease. 82: 129-134. doi: 10.1016/j.ijid.2019.03.005
- Rasheed J, Khalid M, Rubab S, Iqbal B, Nawaz I, Shahzad A (2022) Clinical and epidemiological spectrum of acute viral hepatitis due to hepatitis A and E in children: A descriptive, cross-sectional, hospital-based study. Cureus. 14 (4): e24056. doi: 10.7759/cureus.24056
- Baker JM, Buchfellner M, Britt W, Sanchez V, Potter JL, Ingram LA, Shiau H, Sanchez LHG, Saaybi S, Kelly D, Lu X, Vega EM, Ayers-Millsap S, Willeford WG, Rassaei N, Bullock H, Reagan-Steiner S, Martin A, Moulton EA, Lamson DM, St George K, Parashar UD, Hall AJ, MacNeil A, Tate JE, Kirking HL (2022) Acute hepatitis and adenovirus infection among children-Alabama, October 2021-February 2022. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report. 71 (18): 638-640. doi: 10.15585/mmwr.mm7118e1
Submitted date:
01/28/2024
Reviewed date:
02/20/2024
Accepted date:
02/27/2024
Publication date:
02/28/2024