Alloxan blood levels and the risk of diabetes mellitus in children
Asma O. Jebril, Omar A. Rbeida, Hajer M. Younis
Abstract
Diabetes mellitus is the most common health disorder and one of the leading causes of death. It is such a sort of disorder in which the patients are at all the time on risk of complications. Numerous investigations discovered that oxidative stress plays an important role in the development of vascular complications in diabetes particularly type 2. There are several chemically induced animal models of type 1 diabetes mellitus. The most common chemicals used to generate type 1 diabetes mellitus animals are alloxan and streptozotocin. Alloxan is added to food materials, especially to the all-purpose flour (maida) to bring softness and white color to the flour. Hence, consuming foodstuffs made from this flour can lead to diabetes mellitus. Measuring the concentration of alloxan in the blood of children with type 1 diabetes. 45 volunteers (children 5-15years) in this study. 15 healthy and 30 patients with diabetes mellitus (females: 53.0%, and males: 47.0%). Venous blood was taken from the elbow vein and transferred as soon as possible into deproteinization solution without any contact with oxygen. Average blood levels of alloxan are determined by the Archibald spectrophotometric method. The mean level of alloxan between healthy and diabetic groups statistically is insignificant (Median=0.458) and diabetic group (Median=0.806). Low-carbohydrate diet low adherence diabetics (46.6%, median=1.91), low- carbohydrate diet moderate adherence diabetics (26.6%, median=0.89), low-carbohydrate diet high adherence diabetics (26.6%, median=0.1). The findings indicate that the alloxan level is higher in healthy people compared to diabetic volunteers whose follow a low-carbohydrate diet, in addition to the reducing of their pastry intake.
Keywords
References
- Knight JA (2000) Review: Free radicals, antioxidants, and the immune system. Annals of Clinical and Laboratory Science. 30 (2): 145-158. PMID: 10807157.
- Asgar Md (2013) Anti-diabetic potential of phenolic compounds: A review. International Journal of Food Properties. 16 (1): 91-103. doi: 10.1080/10942912.2011.595864
- Bansal V, Gassenhuber J, Phillips T, Oliveira G, Harbaugh R, Villarasa N, Topol EJ, Seufferlein T, Boehm BO (2017) Spectrum of mutations in monogenic diabetes genes identified from high-throughput DNA sequencing of 6888 individuals. BMC Medicine. 15 (1): 213. doi: 10.1186/s12916-017-0977-3
- Expert Committee on the Diagnosis and Classification of Diabetes Mellitus (2003) Report of the expert committee on the diagnosis and classification of diabetes mellitus. Diabetes Care. 24 (1): S5-S20. doi: 10.2337/diacare. 26.2007.s5
- Federiuk IF, Casey HM, Quinn MJ, Wood MD, Ward KW (2004) Induction of type-1 diabetes mellitus in laboratory rats by use of alloxan: route of administration, pitfalls, and insulin treatment. Comparative Medicine. 54 (3): 252-257. PMID: 15253270.
- King A, Bowe J (2016) Animal models for diabetes: Understanding the pathogenesis and finding new treatments. Biochemical Pharmacology. 99: 1-10. doi: 10.1016/j.bcp.2015.08.108
- Rohilla A, Ali S (2012) Alloxan induced diabetes: Mechanisms and effects. International Journal of Research in Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences. 3 (2): 819-823. Corpus ID: 97558866.
- Mallappa A, Merke DP (2022) Management challenges and therapeutic advances in congenital adrenal hyperplasia. Nature Reviews. Endocrinology. 18 (6): 337-352. doi: 10.1038/s41574-022-00655-w
- Vieira R, Souto EB, Sánchez-López E, Machado A, Severino P, Jose S, Santini A, Silva A, Fortuna A, García M, Souto EB (2019) Sugar-lowering drugs for type 2 diabetes mellitus and metabolic syndrome-strategies for in vivo administration: Part-II. Journal of Clinical Medicine. 8 (9): 1332. doi: 10.3390/jcm8091332
- Dunn JS, McLetchie NG (1943) Experimental alloxan diabetes in the rat. The Lancet. 242 (6265): 384-387. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(00)87397-3
- Gomori G, Goldner MG (1945) Acute nature of alloxan damage. Experimental Biology and Medicine. 58 (3): 232-233. doi: 10.3181/00379727-58-149
- Dhanesha N, Joharapurkar A, Shah G, Dhote V, Kshirsagar S, Bahekar R, Jain M (2012) Exendin-4 ameliorates diabetic symptoms through activation of glucokinase. Journal of Diabetes. 4 (4): 369-377. doi: 10.1111/j.1753-0407.2012.00193.x
- Szkudelski T (2001) The mechanism of alloxan and streptozotocin action in B cells of the rat pancreas. Physiological Research. 50 (6): 536-546. PMID: 11829314.
- Raghavamenon AC, Dupard-Julien CL, Kandlakunta B, Uppu RM (2009) Determination of alloxan by fluorometric high-performance liquid chromatography. Toxicology Mechanisms and Methods.19 (8): 498-502. doi: 10.3109/ 15376510903334862
- Korzhenevskiy DA, Selischeva AA, Saveliev SV (2009) Measurement of endogenous alloxan in human blood. Biomeditsinskaia Khimiia. 55 (3): 343-349. PMID: 19663007.
- DiMeglio LA, Evans-Molina C, Oram RA (2018) Type 1 diabetes. Lancet (London, England). 391 (10138): 2449-2462. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(18)31320-5
- DiMeglio LA, Acerini CL, Codner E, Craig ME, Hofer SE, Pillay K, Maahs DM (2018) ISPAD Clinical Practice Consensus Guidelines 2018: Glycemic control targets and glucose monitoring for children, adolescents, and young adults with diabetes. Pediatric Diabetes. Suppl 27: 105-114. doi: 10.1111/pedi.12737
- Elmiladi SA, Elgdhafi EO (2023) Prevalence of cardiovascular risk factors in Libyan patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Mediterranean Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences. 3 (2): 27-33. doi: 10.5281/zenodo. 7877416
- Elmiladi SA (2022) Presentation and character for adult patients with diabetes in Libya. Mediterranean Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences. 2 (1): 79-86. doi: 10.5281/zenodo.6399891
- National Health and Medical Research Council (2011) A modelling system to inform the revision of the Australian Guide to Healthy Eating. Commonwealth of Australia. Canberra, Australia, ISBN: 1864965398.
- Mrozikiewicz A, Kielstrokczewska-Mrozikiewicz D, Lstrokowicki Z, Chmara E, Korzeniowska K, Mrozikiewicz PM (1994) Blood levels of alloxan in children with insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. Acta Diabetologica. 31 (4): 236-237. doi: 10.1007/BF00571958
- Zhang L, Terayama Y, Nishimoto T, Kodama Y, Ozaki K (2016) Acute alloxan toxicity causes granulomatous tubulointerstitial nephritis with severe mineralization. Journal of Toxicologic Pathology. 29 (4): 261-264. doi: 10.1293/tox.2016-0017
Submitted date:
02/01/2025
Reviewed date:
03/25/2025
Accepted date:
03/28/2025
Publication date:
03/31/2025