30SEP

Welcome To MJPPS

The editors welcome the submission of relevant articles for editorial consideration. Manuscripts should be addressed to editor@medjpps.com.

Mediterranean Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences
https://ppj.org.ly/article/doi/10.5281/zenodo.16895301

Mediterranean Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences

Review

Shiyaf: Integrating the traditional Unani dosage form into the current medical framework

Sania Arif, Ansari Shaziya, Asif Iqbal Siddiqui, Mohd Nauman Saleem

Downloads: 0
Views: 257

Abstract

The Unani system of medicine encompasses a diverse array of dosage forms intended for local application, among which Shiyaf stands out as a distinctive solid preparation. It is defined as a dosage form specially prepared by incorporating finely powdered drugs with suitable liquid media and manually shaping them into cylindrical or conical forms. Initially, Shiyaf was predominantly used for ocular conditions, applied after being rubbed in a liquid medium and then gently applied to the eye using a finger or an applicator. Over time, its scope expanded to include insertion into rectal, vaginal, aural, and urethral orifices to produce therapeutic effects, along with application in wounds to deliver localized action. It has been historically indicated in conditions ranging from cataract and conjunctivitis to constipation, infertility, arthritis, and sexual debility. Despite its broad utility, Shiyaf has diminished in the modern practice due to its production process and lack of scientific evidence supporting its efficacy. To bridge this gap, there is a pressing need to reformulate and re-evaluate Shiyaf to establish its value in the contemporary world. A comprehensive review of classical texts such as Al-Qarabadeen, Qarabadeen-e-Kabir, Qarabadeen-e-Azam, etc., alongside searches in multiple databases (Google Scholar, PubMed, ResearchGate) was conducted to gather relevant data. In this context, a suppository emerges as the most appropriate modern equivalent to a Shiyaf. It is defined as a solid dosage form intended for insertion into body cavities, where it melts or dissolves to exert local or systemic effects. They are well-established in current therapeutics for conditions like constipation, vaginal infections, pain, fever, and other related ailments. By adapting Shiyaf into contemporary suppository formulations, Unani principles can be preserved and integrated into the modern healthcare system. This harmonization promises to enhance therapeutic acceptance, ensure dosage consistency, improve patient compliance, and foster scientific validation, ultimately revitalizing a valuable traditional preparation.

Keywords

Herbal suppositories, suppository, traditional Unani dosage form, Unani medicine

References

  1. Ansari AP, Anwar N, Ahmed KK. Current status of Unani medicine in India. Journal of Ayurvedic and Herbal Medicine. 2024; 10(3): 70-72. doi: 10.31254/jahm.2024.10301
  2. Ansari AP. ‘Ilāj bi.’l-Tadbīr (regimenal therapy): a core mode of Unani treatment. Journal of Integrative and Complementary Medicine. 2021; 18(3): 449-458. doi: 10.1515/jcim-2020-0048
  3. Viquar U, Joweria S, Firdaus N, Minhajuddin A. A structured summary about Unani system of medicine in present era: an outlook. Global Journal for Research Analysis. 2021; 10(7): 200-203. doi: 10.36106/gjra/ 2915612
  4. Ansari AP, Ahmed NZ, Ahmed KK, Khan AA. An insight on Wabāi Amrād (epidemic diseases) and COVID-19 like conditions-Unani perspective. International Journal of Current Research and Review. 2020; 12(17): 109-119. doi: 10.31782/IJCRR.2020.12177
  5. Kabeeruddin HM. Al-Qarabadeen. 2nd Ed. CCRUM, Dept. of AYUSH, Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, Govt. of India. New Delhi, 2002; pp 3, 7, 33, 41, 235, 252, 257, 425, 480, 484, 587, 664-680, 682, 769, 864, 867, 884, 888, 948, 957, 964, 991, 992, 1046, 1086, 1252, 1258, 1271.
  6. Khan AS. Misbahul Advia. Aijaz Publishing House. New Delhi, 2000; 128-147.
  7. Azmi WA. Kulliyat Advia. Aijaz Publishing House. New Delhi, 1997; 186-201.
  8. Anonymous. WHO International Standard Terminologies on Unani Medicine. World Health Organization. Geneva, 2022; 373.
  9. Khan SMH. Tarjuma Urdu Qarabadeen-e-Kabeer. Vol. 2. Munshi Nawal Kishor. Lucknow 1914; 238-245.
  10. Khan HMS. Biyaz Khaas Al-Ma'aruf Ilajul Amraz. Aijaz Publishing House. New Delhi, 2006; 140-141.
  11. Ghani HN. Khazainul Adviya. Idara Kitabul Shifa. New Delhi, n.d.; 119.
  12. Anonymous. Qarabadeen Majeedi. 9th ed. All India Unani Tibbi Conference. Delhi, 1986. 228-229.
  13. Zillur-Rehman HS. Kitabul Murakkabat. Publication Division, Aligarh Muslim University. Aligarh 1980; 107.
  14. Chaudhary S, Tariq M, Zaman R, Imtiyaz S. Solid dosage forms in Unani system of medicine: An overview. Journal of Pharmaceutical and Scientific Innovation. 2013; 2(3): 17-22. doi: 10.7897/2277-4572.02325
  15. Arzani MA. Ikseer-ul-Quloob. CCRUM, Dept. of AYUSH, Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, Govt. of India. New Delhi, 2010; 667.
  16. Hafeez HA. Qarabadeen Jadeed. CCRUM, Dept. of AYUSH, Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, Govt. of India. New Delhi, 2005; 133-136.
  17. Khan GJ. Makhzanul Murakkabat. 1st Ed. Aijaz Publishing House. New Delhi 1995; 217-225.
  18. Anonymous. National Formulary of Unani Medicine. Part II, Vol. 1. Govt. of India, Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, Dept. of AYUSH. New Delhi, 2007; 58.
  19. Ahmed HHJ. Tazkira-e-Jaleel. CCRUM, Dept. of AYUSH, Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, Govt. of India. New Delhi, 2008; 274.
  20. Khan A. Qarabadeen Azam wa Akmal [Urdu translation]. CCRUM, Dept. of AYUSH, Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, Govt. of India. New Delhi, 2010; 448-452.
  21. Kabeeruddin HM. Biyaz-e-Kabeer. 5th ed. Hikmat Book Depot. Hyderabad Deccan 1938; Part 2. pp 160.
  22. Ali HE. Qarabadeen Ehsani. 1st ed. Matba Yusufi. Lucknow, 1916; 92-94.
  23. Gani HN. Qarabadeen Najmul Gani. CCRUM, Dept. of AYUSH, Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, Govt. of India. New Delhi, 2010; 623-628.
  24. Khan HMA. Qarabadeen Azam (Farsi). CCRUM, Dept. of AYUSH, Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, Govt. of India. New Delhi, 2006; 234-235.
  25. Amrohvi J. Qarabadeen Jalali [Urdu translation]. CCRUM, Dept. of AYUSH, Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, Govt. of India. New Delhi, 2019.
  26. Arzani HMA. Qarabadeen Qadri. 1st ed. Aijaz Publishing House. New Delhi, 1998.
  27. Lachman L, Lieberman HA, Kanig JL. Pharmaceutical dosage forms. In: The Theory and Practice of Industrial Pharmacy. 3rd ed. Varghese Publishing House, Bombay, India, 1990. ISBN: 0812109775, 9780812109771.
  28. Ham AS, Buckheit RW Jr. Designing and developing suppository formulations for anti-HIV drug delivery. Therapeutic Delivery. 2017; 8(9): 805-817. doi: 10.4155/tde-2017-0056
  29. Kumar A, Kolay A, Havelikar U. Modern aspects of suppositories: A review. European Journal of Pharmaceutical Research. 2023; 3(4): 23-29. doi: 10.24018/ejpharma.2023.3.4.68
  30. Ansel HC, Allen LV, Popovich NG, Eds. Pharmaceutical inserts. In: Pharmaceutical dosage forms and drug delivery systems. 9th ed. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, Philadelphia, USA, 2011. ISBN: 978-0-7817-7934-0.
  31. Block LH. Pharmaceutical principles and drug dosage forms. In: Comprehensive Pharmacy Review for NAPLEX. Eds, Shargel L, Mutnick AH, Souney PF, Swanson LN. 8th ed. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, Philadelphia, USA, 2013.
  32. United States Pharmacopeia. Nomenclature Guidelines. Referenced in General Chapter <1121>. Rockville (MD): USP Convention; 2020 Mar 30.
  33. Pharmacopoeia J. The Japanese Pharmacopoeia. 17th ed. Tokyo: Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare; 2016.
  34. Allied Market Research. Pharmaceutical Suppositories Market Size, Share, Competitive Landscape and Trend Analysis Report, by Type, by Base, by Prescription Type, by Therapeutic Application, by Fill Volume Categories, by Age Group, by Distribution Channel, by End User: Global Opportunity Analysis and Industry Forecast, 2024-2035[Internet]. December 2024. Available from: https://www.alliedmarketresearch.com/ pharmaceutical-suppositories-market-A12350 [Cited 3 June, 2025]
  35. The Business Research Company. Pharmaceutical Suppositories Global Market Report 2025 – By Type, By Base, By End-User – Market Size, Trends, and Global Forecast, 2025–2034 [Internet]. January 2025. Available from: https://www.thebusinessresearchcompany.com/report/pharmaceutical-suppositories-global-market-report [Cited 10 June, 2025]
  36. Kalyankar PP, Malang SA, Yachawad RD, Wakure BS, Ibrahim MZ. Suppositories: Exploring their role in modern medicine. International Journal for Research Trends and Innovation. 2024; 9(7): 444-449. doi: Nil.
  37. Jagriti, Patel D, Sharma H, Sahu GK. A recent advancement of suppositories. International Journal for Multidisciplinary Research. 2023; 5(2): 1-2. doi: 10.36948/ijfmr.2023.v05i02.2330
  38. Abd-El-Maeboud KH, El-Naggar T, El-Hawi EMM, Mahmoud SAR, Abd-El-Hay S. Rectal suppository: Commonsense and mode of insertion. The Lancet.  1991; 338(8770): 798-800. doi: 10.1016/0140-6736(91) 90676-G
  39. Allen LV. Suppositories as drug delivery systems. Journal of Pharmaceutical Care in Pain and Symptom Control. 1997; 5(2): 17-26. doi: 10.1300/J088v05n02_03
  40. Dodou K. Rectal and vaginal drug delivery. In: Aulton's pharmaceutics: The design and manufacture of medicines. Eds, Aulton ME, Taylor K. 5th ed. Elsevier Health Sciences, London, UK, 2018; 740-756. doi: 10.1016/B978-0-7020-7005-1.00041-1
  41. Hua S. Physiological and pharmaceutical considerations for rectal drug formulations. Frontiers in Pharmacology. 2019; 10: 1196. doi: 10.3389/fphar.2019.01196
  42. Lakshmi KM, Reddy ND. A review on suppositories. International Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences. 2024; 2(2): 668-675. doi: 10.5281/zenodo.10701894
  43. Rao GCS, Yasmitha B, Pallavi A, Devaki D, Vasundhara A. A review on suppositories. GSC Biological and Pharmaceutical Sciences. 2023; 25(1): 186-192. doi: 10.30574/gscbps.2023.25.1.0429
  44. Mohamed AA, Khan SA. Advances and challenges in suppository formulation: a comprehensive review of suppository drug delivery and design. International Journal of Biological and Medical Research. 2025; 16(2): 8083-8089. doi: Nil.
  45. Mohammad Ali MA. A review on bi-layered suppositories. European Journal of Scientific Research. 2017; 146: (1): 45-54. doi: Nil.
  46. Mohammad Ali MA. Preparation and in vitro evaluation of paracetamol and metoclopramide HCl double-layered suppositories for migraine treatment. Journal of American Science. 2017; 13: 43-50. doi: 10.7537/ marsjas130417.05
  47. U.S. National Library of Medicine. Fever All Infant’s acetaminophen 80 mg suppository [Internet]. Bethesda (MD): DailyMed; 2024 [Cited 2025 May 22]. Available from: DailyMed - FEVERALL INFANTS- acetaminophen suppository
  48. U.S. National Library of Medicine. Fever All Children's acetaminophen 120 mg suppository [Internet]. Bethesda (MD): DailyMed; 2024 [Cited 2025 May 22]. Available from: https://dailymed.nlm.nih.gov/dailymed /drugInfo.cfm?setid=861e2987-5473-45b0-b2a6-f980a9b0e809
  49. U.S. National Library of Medicine. FeverAll Jr. Strength acetaminophen 325 mg suppository [Internet]. Bethesda (MD): DailyMed; 2024 [Cited 2025 May 22]. Available from: https://dailymed.nlm.nih.gov/ dailymed/drugInfo.cfm?setid=3561bbc3-53b0-4857-8b71-39e165ed95ce
  50. U.S. Food and Drug Administration. New Drug Application (NDA) 018337: Acetaminophen suppository [Internet]. Silver Spring (MD): FDA [Cited 2025 May 22]. Available from: https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/ scripts/ cder/daf/index.cfm?event=overview.process&ApplNo=018337
  51. Central Drugs Standard Control Organisation. Drugs@CDSCO[Internet]. Directorate General of Health Services, Ministry of Health & Family Welfare, Government of India [Cited 2025 May 22]. Available from: https://cdscoonline.gov.in/CDSCO/Drugs
  52. Gao J. Effect of clotrimazole suppositories on distribution of pathogens in vaginal secretions and oxidative stress in patients with vaginitis. Alternative Therapies in Health and Medicine. 2024; 30(10): 92-96. PMID: 38430151.
  53. McLindon LA, James G, Beckmann MM, Bertolone J, Mahomed K, et al. Progesterone for women with threatened miscarriage (STOP trial): a placebo-controlled randomized clinical trial. Human Reproduction. 2023; 38(4): 560-568. doi: 10.1093/humrep/dead029
  54. U.S. National Library of Medicine. CANASA- mesalamine suppository [Internet]. Bethesda (MD): DailyMed; 2010 [Cited 2025 May 22]. Available from: https://dailymed.nlm.nih.gov/dailymed/drugInfo.cfm?setid= 357e0e6b-cfbd-454c-82d7-cfc460dc0d68
  55. U.S. Food and Drug Administration. CANASA (mesalamine) rectal suppository [Internet]. Silver Spring (MD): FDA [Cited 2025 May 22]. Available from: https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/scripts/cder/daf/index.cfm?event= overview.process&ApplNo=021252
  56. Heyman MB, Kierkus J, Spénard J, Shbaklo H, Giguere M. Efficacy and safety of mesalamine suppositories for treatment of ulcerative proctitis in children and adolescents. Inflammatory Bowel Diseases. 2010; 16(11): 1931-1939. doi: 10.1002/ibd.21256
  57. U.S. Food and Drug Administration. INDOCIN (indomethacin) rectal suppository [Internet]. Silver Spring (MD): FDA [Cited 2025 May 22]. Available from: https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/scripts/cder/daf/index.cfm? event=overview.process&ApplNo=073314
  58. U.S. National Library of Medicine. Indomethacin suppository [Internet]. Bethesda (MD): DailyMed; 2023 [Cited 2025 May 22]. Available from: https://dailymed.nlm.nih.gov/dailymed/drugInfo.cfm?setid=3b36645c-de5e-4263-ae06-2f6ff6a9add2
  59. Lawrensia S, Patel P, Raja A. Bisacodyl. [Updated 2024 Feb 28]. In: StatPearls. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing; 2025 Jan. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK547733/
  60. Sanofi Consumer Health Inc. DULCOLAX® Bisacodyl Tablets 5 mg, Suppositories 10 mg – Prescribing Information. Laval, Quebec (Canada); revised November 3, 2022. [cited 2025 Jun 17]. Available from: [Product Monograph Template - Standard]
  61. Opella Healthcare India Pvt Ltd. DULCOFLEX® Bisacodyl Tablets/Suppositories – Abridged Prescribing Information. Mumbai (India); updated 2025 Jan. Source: CCDS v2 dated 2023 Dec 7. [cited 2025 Jun 17]. Available from: Microsoft Word - Dulcoflex API_Aug 2023
  62. He J, Zhang Y, Wu Y, Zhao H, Yang J, et al. The safety and efficacy of diclofenac sodium suppository as adjunctive opioids in the treatment of cancer pain: A prospective, multi-center, real-world study. Journal of Clinical Oncology.  2024; 42(16_suppl): Abstract 12055.  doi: 10.1200/JCO.2024.42.16_suppl.12055
  63. Polman HA, Huijbers WA, Augusteijn R. The use of diclofenac sodium (Voltaren) suppositories as an antipyretic in children with fever due to acute infections: a double-blind, between-patient, placebo-controlled study. Journal of International Medical Research. 1981; 9(5): 343-348. doi: 10.1177/030006058100900508
  64. U.S. Food and Drug Administration. Terconazole vaginal suppository [Internet]. Silver Spring (MD): FDA [Cited 2025 May 22].  Available from: https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/scripts/cder/daf/index.cfm?event=over view.process&ApplNo=077149
  65. U.S. National Library of Medicine. Terconazole vaginal suppository [Internet]. Bethesda (MD): DailyMed; 2024 [Cited 2025 May 22]. Available from: https://dailymed.nlm.nih.gov/dailymed/drugInfo.cfm? setid=207e9 cf2-e8ec-43d7-9c11-46283c9cdb37
  66. U.S. Food and Drug Administration. Migergot (ergotamine tartrate and caffeine) rectal suppository [Internet]. Silver Spring (MD): FDA [Cited 2025 May 22]. Available from: Drugs@FDA: FDA-Approved Drugs
  67. U.S. National Library of Medicine. Migergot (ergotamine tartrate and caffeine) rectal suppository [Internet]. Bethesda (MD): DailyMed; 2022 [Cited 2025 May 22]. Available from: https://dailymed.nlm.nih.gov/dailymed /drugInfo.cfm?setid=3a31ad0c-7bdd-544b-f5df-a99d04cf541c
  68. U.S. Food and Drug Administration. MONISTAT 3 (miconazole nitrate) vaginal suppository [Internet]. Silver Spring (MD): FDA [Cited 2025 May 22]. Available from: https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/scripts/cder/daf /index.cfm?event=overview.process&ApplNo=018888
  69. U.S. National Library of Medicine. MONISTAT 3 (miconazole nitrate) vaginal suppository [Internet]. Bethesda (MD): DailyMed; 2006 [Cited 2025 May 22]. Available from: https://dailymed.nlm.nih.gov/dailymed /drugInfo.cfm?setid=a1cd682a-fa73-491d-b276-8c96d801b083
  70. U.S. Food and Drug Administration. Compro (prochlorperazine) rectal suppository [Internet]. Silver Spring (MD): FDA [Cited 2025 May 22]. Available from: https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/scripts/cder/daf/index.cfm? event=overview.process&ApplNo=040246
  71. U.S. National Library of Medicine. Compro (prochlorperazine) rectal suppository [Internet]. Bethesda (MD): DailyMed; 2024 [Cited 2025 May 22]. Available from: https://dailymed.nlm.nih.gov/dailymed/drugInfo.cfm? setid=ea381bc5-0957-4c91-826a-0ff680cebacc
  72. Kumudhavalli MV, Sangeetha S, Alexander S, Shivananthan R, Venkateswarlu BS, Kumar M. Extraction and quantification of ano-rectal formulation by UV-LC techniques. Research Journal of Pharmacy and Technology. 2023; 16(4): 1617-1621. doi: 10.52711/0974-360X.2023.00264
  73. Hirabayashi Y, Okumura A, Kondo T, Magota M, Kawabe S, Kando N, et al. Efficacy of a diazepam suppository at preventing febrile seizure recurrence during a single febrile illness. Brain and Development. 2009; 31(6): 414-418. doi: 10.1016/j.braindev.2008.07.010
  74. Golembiovska O, Dmytrenko O, Galkin A. Design and development of novel herbal suppository formulation for prostatitis treatment. Innovative Biosystems and Bioengineering. 2024; 8(4): 23-38. doi: 10.20535/ibb. 2024.8.4.317124
  75. Sawai R, Kote S. Formulation and evaluation of herbal rectal suppositories containing a flax seed extract (cocoa butter based). International Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences. 2025; 3(5): 1488-1496. doi: 10.5281/zenodo. 15380102
  76. Balwad A, Maniyar M, Bansode H, More V. Formulation and evaluation of herbal suppositories containing guggul for the treatment of piles. Journal of Harbin Engineering University. 2023; 44(8): 675-681. doi: Nil.
  77. Kanwar P, Anjali. Formulation and development of herbal suppository for management of UTI by using Cynodon dactylon. International Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences. 2025; 3(4): 1380-1391. doi: 10.5281/ zenodo.15195549
  78. Asadulla S, Jacob A, Babu A, Shahza A, Kallatra M, et al. Formulation and evaluation of anthelmintic herbal suppository containing the combination of leaf extracts of Quassia indica and Vitex negundo. International Journal of Recent Research in Life Sciences. 2022; 9(4): 16-25. doi: 10.5281/zenodo.7491379
  79. Nurdianti L, Setiawan F. Formulation and evaluation of suppositoria supplies extract of pinang seeds (Areca catechu L.) as anthelmintic. Advances in Health Sciences Research. 2020; 26: 127-130. doi: 10.2991/ahsr.k. 200523.031
  80. Abbaspour M, Hoseini H, Sobhani Z, Emami SA, Fazly Bazzaz BS, et al. Development and evaluation of vaginal suppository containing Althaea officinalis L. polysaccharide extract. Brazilian Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences. 2022; 58: e20868. doi: 10.1590/s2175-97902022e20868
  81. Pawshe SV, Tambe BD. Formulation and evaluation of alum suppositories. International Journal of Research Publication and Reviews. 2023; 4(9): 1866-1871. doi: Nil.
  82. John-Africa L, Ekere K, Olayemi O, Aremu O, Emeje M, et al. Formulation, evaluation and anti-hemorrhoidal activity of suppositories containing Moringa oleifera Lam. seed oil. Acta Pharmaceutica Sciencia. 2020; 59(1): 150-174. doi: 10.23893/1307-2080.APS.05907
  83. Ghazwani M, Hani U, Osmani RAM, Rahamathulla M, Begum MY, et al. An efficient herbal approach for treating fungal infection in cervical cancer patients by developing and optimizing a vaginal suppository. International Journal of Polymer Science. 2021; 2021: 9198387. doi: 10.1155/2021/9198387
  84. Askari SF, Jahromi BN, Dehghanian A, Zarei A, Tansaz M, Badr P, Azadi A, Mohagheghzadeh A. Effect of a novel herbal vaginal suppository containing myrtle and oak gall in the treatment of vaginitis: a randomized clinical trial. DARU Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences. 2020; 28(2): 603-614. doi: 10.1007/s40199-020-00365-6
  85. Amindehghan F, Shahbazzadegan S, Houshmandi S, Amani L. Effect of Viola odorata vaginal suppository on menopausal vaginal atrophy: A triple-blind randomised clinical trial. Journal of Herbal Medicine. 2024; 45: 100866. doi: 10.1016/j.hermed.2024.100866
  86. Khojastehfard Z, Salarfard M, Hamedi SS, Feyzabadi Z, Golmakani N. The effect of rectal suppository of anethum graveolens on the postpartum hemorrhage rate: Evidence from a single-blind clinical trial study. Jundishapur Journal of Natural Pharmaceutical Products. 2021; 16(2): e104000. doi: 10.5812/jjnpp.104000
  87. Yakovleva LV, Yarnykh TG, Koshevaya EY, Rukhmakova OA, Melnik GN. Study of immunomodulating activity of rectal suppositories with an extract of licorice root. Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmacology. 2014; 4: 277-283. doi: Nil.
  88. Fazmiya MJA, Sultana A, Heyat MBB, Parveen S, Rahman K, et al. Efficacy of a vaginal suppository formulation prepared with Acacia arabica (Lam.) Willd. gum and Cinnamomum camphora (L.) J. Presl. in heavy menstrual bleeding analyzed using a machine learning technique. Frontiers in Pharmacology. 2024; 15: 1331622. doi: 10.3389/fphar.2024.1331622
  89. Firdous KF, Rahman K, Sultana A, Khan S. Development, characterization, and in-vitro antimicrobial activity of Lawsonia inermis L. leaves hydro-alcoholic extract-based vaginal suppositories. Traditional and Integrative Medicine. 2023; 8(1): 16-25. doi: 10.18502/tim.v8i1.12399
  90. Tarkase KN, Danve AV. Formulation evaluation and in vitro drug release characteristics of aloe vera herbal suppositories. Der Pharmacia Lettre. 2015; 7(2): 310-316. doi: Nil.
  91. Melnyk G, Yarnykh T, Herasymova I. Analytical review of the modern range of suppository bases. Systematic Reviews in Pharmacy. 2020; 11(4): 503-508. doi. 10.31838/srp.2020.4.76
  92. Hargoli S, Farid J, Azarmi SH, Ghanbarzadeh S, Zakeri-Milani P. Preparation and in vitro evaluation of naproxen suppositories. Indian Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences. 2013; 75(2): 143-148. PMID: 24019561; PMCID: PMC3757851. 

Submitted date:
06/16/2025

Reviewed date:
08/10/2025

Accepted date:
08/17/2025

Publication date:
08/18/2025

68a34291a95395287b4208f5 medjpps Articles
Links & Downloads

Mediterr J Pharm Pharm Sci

Share this page
Page Sections